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Modular arithmetic

Chinese remainder theorem
Theorem for solving simultaneous congruences
Discrete logarithm
The problem of inverting exponentiation in groups
Fermat's little theorem
For every prime p, the difference between any integer and its p-th power is a multiple of p
Jacobi symbol
Generalization of the Legendre symbol in number theory
Legendre symbol
Multiplicative function with values 1, −1, 0
Quadratic reciprocity
Gives conditions for the solvability of quadratic equations modulo prime numbers
Quadratic residue
Integer that is a perfect square modulo some integer
Wilson's theorem
Theorem on prime numbers